From Forgotten Pages to Digital Treasures: AI to Preserve India's Ancient Manuscripts
Imagine asking a question about an ancient Indian manuscript and receiving an answer directly from the centuries-old text. What was once hidden in fragile palm leaves, fading paper and handwritten scripts could soon become accessible with just a voice command. India is turning to artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to bring its rich manuscript heritage into the digital age.Under the Ministry of Culture's flagship Gyan Bharatam initiative, more than one crore ancient manuscripts are set to be deciphered, digitised and preserved using advanced technologies.Talk to Ancient Manuscripts with AIOne of the most exciting features of the proposed initiative is the National Digital Repository (NDR), an AI-powered platform designed to make ancient knowledge easier to explore.The platform will introduce a unique 'Talk-to-Manuscript' facility, allowing researchers, students and curious readers to ask questions about individual manuscripts or specific subjects through text and voice-based queries. Instead of struggling to understand old handwritten scripts, users will be able to interact with digitised documents and discover information from their contents.The technology will also use advanced Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) to convert handwritten manuscripts into searchable digital texts. Importantly, the original structure of the documents, including headings, marginal notes and illustrations, will be retained.AI to Decode, Translate and Restore HistoryThe proposed platform will go beyond simply scanning ancient documents. AI will help transcribe handwritten texts, translate them into different languages and identify their authors. It will also assist in establishing the origins of manuscripts, reconstructing faded or damaged passages and discovering connections between collections preserved in different institutions and private holdings.To ensure accuracy, every AI-generated response will be backed by validated manuscript records, along with page-level citations and quotations from original sources.Preserving India's Written HeritageAnnounced in the 2025 Union Budget, Gyan Bharatam aims to survey, conserve, digitise and share India's manuscript heritage. The Standing Finance Committee has sanctioned Rs 491.66 crore for the initiative for the 2025–2031 period. The Gyan Bharatam portal, launched in September 2025, has already received reports of more than 1.25 crore manuscripts in different languages from across the country. Of these, 11.53 lakh have been published.The ministry is also planning specialised conservation laboratories for palm leaf, birch bark and paper manuscripts. According to The New Indian Express, another important initiative, 'Pandulipi Mitras', will build a network of trained grassroots volunteers across around 100 districts to support preservation efforts.A nationwide survey launched earlier this year is also helping identify undocumented manuscript collections and bring them into the conservation programme.With AI stepping in to protect centuries of accumulated wisdom, India is opening an exciting new chapter in heritage preservation. The initiative promises to ensure that knowledge once accessible only to a few can reach students, researchers and generations of curious minds across the world.